Taken Labari
Harsunan Duniya / Harsunan Musamman na Sadarwa ta Duniya
Waɗannan harsuna suna mamaye cibiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, kasuwanci tsakanin ƙasashe, binciken ilimi, da abun ciki na intanet.
- Turanci - Harshen duniya da aka fi amfani da shi a duniya, harshen tsoho don kasuwanci, fasaha, diflomasiyya, ilimi, da intanet.
- Sinanci (Harshen Mandarin) - Harshen asali da aka fi magana da shi, harshen hukuma na Sin da Singapore, yana ƙara mahimmancinsa a cikin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa da ƙasa da musayar al'adu.
- Sifen - Harshen asali na biyu da aka fi magana da shi, ana amfani dashi a Spain, yawancin Latin Amurka, da sassan Amurka.
- Faransanci - Harshen hukuma na manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, EU, da sauransu), ana amfani dashi a Faransa, Kanada, ƙasashen Afirka da yawa, da fagen diflomasiyya.
- Larabci - Harshen mahimmanci na duniyar Musulunci da Gabas ta Tsakiya, harshen hukuma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yana da mahimmancin addini da tattalin arziƙi.
Manyan Harsunan Yanki da Na Ƙungiyoyin Tattalin Arziƙi
Harsuna masu adadin masu magana da yawa ko matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin takamaiman nahiyoyi ko yankunan tattalin arziƙi.
- Harshen Fotigal - Harshen hukuma na Brazil, Portugal, da ƙasashen Afirka da yawa, harshe mai mahimmanci a Kudancin Duniya.
- Rashanci - Harshen sadarwa a Rasha, sassan Asiya ta Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai, harshen sadarwa mai mahimmanci a cikin ƙungiyar Commonwealth of Independent States.
- Jamusanci - Harshen hukuma na injin tattalin arziƙi na EU (Jamus, Austriya, Switzerland), harshe mai mahimmanci a falsafa, kimiyya, da aikin injiniya.
- Japananci - Harshen hukuma na Japan, tare da tasirin duniya a fasaha, anime, da kasuwanci.
- Hindi - Harshen da aka fi magana da shi a Indiya, harshen hukuma tare da Turanci.
Manyan Harsunan Ƙasa da Manyan Harsunan Al'adu
Harsuna da ake amfani da su a cikin ƙasashe masu yawan jama'a ko waɗanda ke da fitar da al'adu masu mahimmanci.
- Bengali - Harshen ƙasa na Bangladesh, babban harshe a yankin Bengal da jihar West Bengal ta Indiya.
- Urdu - Harshen ƙasa na Pakistan, yayi kama da Hindi a cikin magana amma ya bambanta a rubuce.
- Punjabi - Babban harshe na lardin Punjab na Pakistan da jihar Punjab ta Indiya.
- Harshen Vietnam - Harshen hukuma na Vietnam.
- Thai - Harshen hukuma na Thailand.
- Harshen Turkiyya - Harshen hukuma na Turkiyya da Cyprus.
- Farisa - Harshen hukuma ko babban harshe na Iran, Afghanistan (Dari), da Tajikistan (Tajik).
- Harshen Koriya - Harshen hukuma na Koriya ta Kudu da Koriya ta Arewa.
- Italiyanci - Harshen hukuma na Italiya, Switzerland, da sauransu, tare da tasiri mai zurfi a fasaha, zane, da kiɗa.
- Yaren mutanen Holland - Harshen hukuma na Netherlands, Belgium (Flemish), da kuma Suriname da Aruba.
- Harshen Poland - Harshen hukuma na Poland, harshe mai mahimmanci a Tsakiyar da Gabashin Turai.
Manyan Harsunan Takamaiman Yankuna da Ƙabilu
Harsuna da aka fi amfani da su a cikin takamaiman ƙasashe, ƙabilu, ko yankuna.
- Harsunan Arewa: Yaren mutanen Sweden, Danish, Norwegian, Finnish, Icelandic.
- Manyan Harsunan Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya: Indonesian, Malay, Filipino (Tagalog), Burmese, Khmer (Cambodian), Lao.
- Sauran Manyan Harsunan Kudancin Asiya: Telugu, Tamil, Marathi, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Assamese, Sinhala (Sri Lanka), Nepali.
- Harsunan Gabashin Turai da Balkan: Ukrainian, Romanian, Czech, Hungarian, Serbian, Croatian, Bulgarian, Greek, Albanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, da sauransu.
- Harsunan Tsakiyar Asiya da Caucasus: Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Turkmen, Mongolian, Georgian, Armenian.
- Harsunan Gabas ta Tsakiya: Hebrew (Isra'ila), Kurdish, Pashto (Afghanistan), Sindhi.
- Manyan Harsunan Afirka (ta yanki):
- Afirka ta Gabas: Swahili (harshen sadarwa na yanki), Amharic (Ethiopia), Oromo, Tigrinya, Kinyarwanda, Luganda.
- Afirka ta Yamma: Hausa (harshen sadarwa na yanki), Yoruba, Igbo, Fula (Fulani), Wolof, Akan, Ewe.
- Kudancin Afirka: Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho, Tswana, Shona, Chewa (Malawi).
- Madagascar: Malagasy.
Harsuna masu Matsayi na Musamman ko Yanayin Amfani
- Latin - Harshe na gargajiya da na ilimi, harshen ibada na Cocin Katolika, harshen rubuce-rubucen kimiyya, shari'a, da falsafa na tarihi, ba a ƙara amfani dashi azaman harshen magana na yau da kullun ba.
- Tsohon Girkanci - Harshen al'adu na gargajiya da na ilimi, mahimmanci don nazarin falsafa, tarihi, kimiyya, da ainihin rubutun Sabon Alkawari, ba a ƙara amfani dashi azaman harshen magana na yau da kullun ba.
- Basque - Keɓaɓɓen harshe, ana magana da shi a yankin Basque a kan iyakar Spain da Faransa, ba a san alaƙa ta asali da wasu harsuna ba.
- Welsh, Irish, Scottish Gaelic - Harsunan Celtic, ana amfani da su a takamaiman yankuna na Burtaniya (Wales, Ireland, Scotland), an kiyaye su bisa doka tare da ƙungiyoyin farfaɗo da ake ci gaba da yi.
- Tibetan, Uyghur - Manyan harsunan ƙabilu na Sin, tare da adadi mai yawa na masu magana a cikin Yankin Mulkin Kansa na Tibet da Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.
- Pashto - Ɗaya daga cikin harsunan hukuma guda biyu na Afghanistan, kuma harshe mai mahimmanci a yammacin Pakistan.
Tebur na Taƙaitawa (Saurin Tunani ta Amfani)
| Rukuni | Misalan Harsuna | "Amfani" na farko ko Mahallin |
|---|---|---|
| Harshen Duniya | Turanci, Sinanci, Faransanci, Sifen, Larabci | Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, diflomasiyya, kasuwanci na duniya, buga ilimi, babban intanet |
| Mai Rinjaye a Yanki | Rashanci (CIS), Fotigal (duniyar Lusophone), Jamusanci (Tsakiyar Turai), Swahili (Gabashin Afirka) | Harshen diflomasiyya, tattalin arziƙi, da al'adu a cikin takamaiman yanki na yanki |
| Babban Harshen Ƙasa | Hindi, Bengali, Japananci, Indonesian, Vietnamese, Thai | Harshen hukuma na ƙasashe masu yawan jama'a kuma babban hanyar sadarwa a cikin gida |
| Al'adu/Ilimi | Italiyanci (fasaha), Japananci (anime), Latin/Tsohon Girkanci (nazarin gargajiya) | Fitowar fanni na al'adu ko binciken ilimi na musamman |
| Yanki/Ƙabila | Yawancin sauran harsuna, misali Ukrainian, Tamil, Zulu, da sauransu | Rayuwar yau da kullun, ilimi, kafofin watsa labarai a cikin takamaiman ƙasa, ƙabila, ko yanki na gudanarwa |
Ƙarshe
"Mahimmancin" harshe yana da ƙarfi da yanayi da yawa, ya dogara da abubuwa daban-daban kamar yawan jama'a, tattalin arziƙi, al'adu, da tarihi. Wannan taƙaitaccen bayani yana nufin bayar da taƙaitaccen bayani mai amfani bisa ga bayanan yanzu, yana taimaka wa masu karatu su fahimci matsayin aiki da yanayin aikace-aikacen manyan harsunan duniya da sauri. Ko don koyo, kasuwanci, nazarin al'adu, ko ƙaddamar da fasaha, fahimtar yanayin harshe shine tushe mai mahimmanci don sadarwa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin al'adu.